Methods & Attributes

class Player:
    # Class attribute — shared by ALL players
    game = "RPG Quest"
    player_count = 0

    def __init__(self, name, hp=100):
        # Instance attributes — unique to each player
        self.name = name
        self.hp = hp
        Player.player_count += 1

p1 = Player("Aria", 120)
p2 = Player("Kael")

print(p1.game)           # "RPG Quest" (accessed via instance)
print(Player.game)       # "RPG Quest" (accessed via class)
print(Player.player_count)  # 2
print(p1.name)           # "Aria" (instance-specific)
print(p2.hp)             # 100 (default)

class Item:
    def __init__(self, name, value):
        self.name = name
        self.value = value

    def __str__(self):
        """Human-readable — used by print()"""
        return f"{self.name} (${self.value})"

    def __repr__(self):
        """Developer-readable — used by the REPL and debugging"""
        return f'Item("{self.name}", {self.value})'

sword = Item("Iron Sword", 150)
print(sword)        # Iron Sword ($150)  — uses __str__
print(repr(sword))  # Item("Iron Sword", 150)  — uses __repr__

class Counter:
    def __init__(self):
        self.count = 0

    def increment(self, amount=1):
        self.count += amount

    def reset(self):
        self.count = 0

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Counter({self.count})"

c = Counter()
c.increment()
c.increment(5)
print(c)        # Counter(6)
c.reset()
print(c)        # Counter(0)

class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.x == other.x and self.y == other.y

    def __str__(self):
        return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

a = Point(3, 4)
b = Point(3, 4)
c = Point(1, 2)

print(a == b)  # True  (without __eq__, this would be False!)
print(a == c)  # False